Release: 1.4.51 | Release Date: January 2, 2024

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# SQLAlchemy Core

The breadth of SQLAlchemy’s SQL rendering engine, DBAPI integration, transaction integration, and schema description services are documented here. In contrast to the ORM’s domain-centric mode of usage, the SQL Expression Language provides a schema-centric usage paradigm.

- SQL Expression Language Tutorial (1.x API)
  - Version Check
  - Connecting
  - Define and Create Tables
  - Insert Expressions
  - Executing
  - Executing Multiple Statements
  - Selecting
  - Selecting Specific Columns
  - Operators
  - Conjunctions
  - Using Textual SQL
  - Using Aliases and Subqueries
  - Using Joins
  - Common Table Expressions (CTE)
  - Everything Else
  - Inserts, Updates and Deletes
  - Further Reference
- SQL Statements and Expressions API
  - Column Elements and Expressions
  - Operator Reference
  - Selectables, Tables, FROM objects
  - Insert, Updates, Deletes
  - SQL and Generic Functions
  - Custom SQL Constructs and Compilation Extension
  - Expression Serializer Extension
  - SQL Expression Language Foundational Constructs
  - Visitor and Traversal Utilities
- Schema Definition Language
  - Describing Databases with MetaData
  - Reflecting Database Objects
  - Column INSERT/UPDATE Defaults
  - Defining Constraints and Indexes
  - Customizing DDL
- SQL Datatype Objects
  - The Type Hierarchy
  - Custom Types
  - Base Type API
- Engine and Connection Use
  - Engine Configuration
  - Working with Engines and Connections
  - Connection Pooling
  - Core Events
- Core API Basics
  - Events
  - Runtime Inspection API
  - Core Exceptions
  - Core Internals
- SQLAlchemy 2.0 Future (Core)
  - `Connection`
  - `create_engine()`
  - `Engine`
  - `select()`